Debates

Sources

A citation identifies an argument or study. Its access note states what was actually checked. Abstract-only records support a bounded account of that paper, not a claim that every method or supplement has been audited.

Evidence and access

Source review took place on October 21, 2026. Fifteen exact primary records and complete abstracts were read through Europe PMC because some publisher and PubMed pages blocked automated access. Other sources were read at the stated scope. This is a selected teaching guide, not a systematic review or continuously updated statement of consensus.

  • Barrett, L. F. (2017). The theory of constructed emotion: An active inference account of interoception and categorization. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw154Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Emotion categories

  • Buss, D. M., Haselton, M. G., Shackelford, T. K., Bleske, A. L., & Wakefield, J. C. (1998). Adaptations, exaptations, and spandrels. The American Psychologist, 53(5), 533–548. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.53.5.533Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Evolutionary explanation

  • Cronbach, L. J., & and Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Cronbach/construct.htmFull text inspected

    York University transcription: validation distinctions, theoretical network and interpretation limits inspected.

    Used in: Construct validity

  • Dang, J., Barker, P., Baumert, A., Bentvelzen, M., Berkman, E., Buchholz, N., Buczny, J., Chen, Z., De Cristofaro, V., de Vries, L., Dewitte, S., Giacomantonio, M., Gong, R., Homan, M., Imhoff, R., Ismail, I., Jia, L., Kubiak, T., Lange, F., … Zinkernagel, A. (2021). A multilab replication of the ego depletion effect. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619887702Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Exact primary record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Stroop and antisaccade protocol; full paper and supplements not inspected.

    Used in: Ego depletion and self-control

  • Ferrante, O., Gorska-Klimowska, U., Henin, S., Hirschhorn, R., Khalaf, A., Lepauvre, A., Liu, L., Richter, D., Vidal, Y., Bonacchi, N., Brown, T., Sripad, P., Armendariz, M., Bendtz, K., Ghafari, T., Hetenyi, D., Jeschke, J., Kozma, C., … Melloni, L. (2025). Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and integrated information theories of consciousness. Nature, 642(8066), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08888-1Consulted sourceFull text sections inspected

    Publisher abstract, main design and discussion inspected. Supplementary files not audited. Visible stimuli and agreed IIT/GNWT predictions, not all forms of experience.

    Used in: Testing consciousness theories

  • Fleeson, W. (2001). Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distribution of states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(6), 1011–1027. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.1011Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Person and situation

  • Hartshorne, J. K., Tenenbaum, J. B., & Pinker, S. (2018). A critical period for second language acquisition: Evidence from 2/3 million english speakers. Cognition, 177, 263–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.04.007Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Sensitive periods in language learning

  • Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0999152xConsulted sourcePublisher abstract inspected

    Cambridge abstract and bibliographic metadata inspected. Full review not inspected.

    Used in: Universality and culture

  • Keltner, D., Sauter, D., Tracy, J., & Cowen, A. (2019). Emotional expression: Advances in basic emotion theory. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 43(2), 133–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-019-00293-3Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Emotion categories

  • Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., Brown, T. A., Carpenter, W. T., Caspi, A., Clark, L. A., Eaton, N. R., Forbes, M. K., Forbush, K. T., Goldberg, D., Hasin, D., Hyman, S. E., Ivanova, M. Y., Lynam, D. R., Markon, K., … Zimmerman, M. (2017). The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 454–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000258Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Categories and dimensions

  • Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13(5), 585–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5371(74)80011-3Consulted sourceFull text inspected

    Stanford-hosted original article, experiments 1 and 2 and discussion. No assessment question or table reproduced.

    Used in: Remembering and reconstructing

  • Open Science Collaboration. (2015). PSYCHOLOGY. estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science (New York, N.Y.), 349(6251), aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Replication and scientific credibility

  • Polderman, T. J. C., Benyamin, B., de Leeuw, C. A., Sullivan, P. F., van Bochoven, A., Visscher, P. M., & Posthuma, D. (2015). Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies. Nature Genetics, 47(7), 702–709. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3285Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Nature and nurture

  • Schurger, A., Sitt, J. D., & Dehaene, S. (2012). An accumulator model for spontaneous neural activity prior to self-initiated movement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(42), E2904-13. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210467109Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Free will and neural preparation

  • Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011b). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Preregistration and exploration

  • Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/9-2-lifespan-theoriesTextbook section inspected

    Piaget and Beyond Formal Operational Thought passages inspected. Introductory historical synthesis, not a current systematic review.

    Used in: Stages and continuous development

  • Squire, L. R. (2004). Memory systems of the brain: A brief history and current perspective. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 82(3), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2004.06.005Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Memory systems and task differences

  • Vohs, K. D., Schmeichel, B. J., Lohmann, S., Gronau, Q. F., Finley, A. J., Ainsworth, S. E., Alquist, J. L., Baker, M. D., Brizi, A., Bunyi, A., Butschek, G. J., Campbell, C., Capaldi, J., Cau, C., Chambers, H., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Christensen, W. J., Clay, S. L., Curtis, J., … Albarracín, D. (2021). A multisite preregistered paradigmatic test of the ego-depletion effect. Psychological Science, 32(10), 1566–1581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797621989733Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Ego depletion and self-control

  • Watts, T. W., Duncan, G. J., & Quan, H. (2018). Revisiting the marshmallow test: A conceptual replication investigating links between early delay of gratification and later outcomes. Psychological Science, 29(7), 1159–1177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618761661Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Delay of gratification and opportunity

  • Yarkoni, T. (2020). The generalizability crisis. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 45, Article e1. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x20001685Consulted sourceAbstract inspected

    Primary bibliographic record and complete abstract retrieved from Europe PMC on October 21, 2026. Full paper methods and supplements were not inspected.

    Used in: Generalizability beyond the experiment

Course reference

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/details/books/psychology-2e See the section map for inspected direct and contextual connections.